The science behind our product

The Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) is the core model of IrriWatch. SEBAL is based on the turbulent transport of momentum, sensible heat and latent heat fluxes between land and atmosphere using the Monin Obukhov theorem. It is distributing the net available energy between hot (zero latent heat flux) and cold pixels (zero sensible heat flux) by an automated internal calibration process using endmembers based on ranges of land surface temperature. For 30 years, Professor Bastiaanssen and his M.Sc. and Ph.D. students have done field research to ground-truth the evapotranspiration, soil moisture and crop production estimates from SEBAL. This includes validation in cereals, root and tuber crops, tropical fruit trees, vegetables, legumes, fibre crops and fodders. There are hundreds of scientific articles publicly accessible.

We utilize satelite data

The measurements of leaf temperature, solar radiation,  crop leaf size and photosynthesis are all based on earth observation satellites. Satellites measure the crop routinely every day and for all fields and countries in an identical manner. The raw satellite data is made available by the space agencies. Using SEBAL, the actual evapotranspiration (ET), soil moisture  and carbon flux (C ) is processed from this raw data.

Crops with an increased  leaf temperatures have insufficient access to water, or are limited by something else. The rate of transpiration is similar to sap-flow which reflects the uptake of water by roots. Hence, we can  determine essential root zone processes and determine fundamental underground physical processes that are not visible from above. A background lecture on the crop and soil physics can be found on the IrriWatch YouTube channel. The text of the lecture can be found here.

We look into the root zone

Irrigation scheduling is more than assessing  an above-ground crop coefficient Kc. For this reason,  we determine  soil water potential and soil moisture integrated across the root zone for deciding on the timing of irrigation, the minimum amount to replenish depleted water and the maximum amount for minimizing percolation losses.  Solutions based on microwave satellites estimate at best the skin soil moisture of the upper 5 cm and are thus avoided in the IrriWatch technology. We look deeper.

The core model in 5 bullets

  • Satellites measure leaf temperature, solar radiation,  crop leaf size and photosynthesis.

  • Leaf temperature at a certain vegetation cover and radiation level reflects the actual sap-flow through the crop.

  • The sap-flow responds to leaf water and soil water potential. So we can look into the soil and determine physical processes of the root zone .

  • The critical soil moisture expresses the threshold value for reduced sap-flow and diminished crop production.

  • Information on fluctuations of soil moisture in relation to critical soil moisture is a sound basis for decisions on irrigation actions.  

The most accurate method available

We have refined our technology through 30 years of field testing

SEBAL is generally found quite satisfactory and largely accurate in estimating evapotranspiration. It is inspected, verified and validated by various independent and international universities and research institutes. More recently, the 4th generation of SEBAL has been verified by the irrigation industry. Jain USA has compared the soil water balance of 75 fields (almonds, pistachio, alfalfa) in California with IrriWatch. The daily behavior as well as the absolute values of ET were found very reasonable and in line with measurements of Applied Water at the farm gate. Naan Dan Jain in Israel verified IrriWatch's experiences with selected Israeli farmers (dates, avocados, peanuts). The tensiometer values measured in situ and from IrriWatch were very agreeable without any calibration process involved. The production of avocado’s and peanuts was found also realistic. More tests with commercial companies are underway.

International universities have always done independent investigations towards the accuracy of SEBAL. Two recent excellent papers are from Dr. Hadi Jafaar and his co-workers from the American University of Beirut (Jaafar, H.H. and Ahmad, F.A. 2019. "Time series trends of Landsat-based ET using automated calibration in METRIC and SEBAL: The Bekaa Valley, Lebanon", Remote Sensing of Environment) and Dr. Poolad Karimi from IHE - Delft (Spatial evapotranspiration, rainfall, and land use data in water accounting – Part 1: Review of the accuracy of the remote sensing data, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences).  Much more international literature on the accuracy of SEBAL is accessible in the public domain.

 

During the course of 2020, IrriWatch will establish an independent Review Panel of University Professors that monitor the quality of IrriWatch products. Further to Prof. Anderson Ruhoff from the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil), Professor Adriaan van Niekerk from the University of Stellenbosch (South Africa),  Professor Deepak Lal from the Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences in Allahabad (India) and Assistant Professor Jeff Davids from the California State Universty of Chico kindly agreed to become initial members of this Panel. Professor Juan Reca Cardena from the University of Almeria also expressed his interests.

Meet the team

Prof. Wim Bastiaanssen

Founder & CEO

Wim leads the IrriWatch team. He is the main developer of the SEBAL model and translates model outputs into practical guidelines for irrigation management. He is an international academic leader and is engaged as a Visiting Professor at Delft University of Technology (TU Delft). He holds a Ph.D. degree in crop-soil-atmospheric physics from Wageningen University. Wim grew up on a potato farm. His main interest is to integrate irrigation and crop management, leading to an increased water productivity, using Earth Observations.

Ir. Tim Hessels

Geo-Irrigation Specialist & Ph.D. student

Tim is a python programmer with a specialization in remote sensing applications for water management. He is the main developer and tester of the IrriWatch engine. Mr. Hessels is the founder of WaterSat, a specialized Small and Medium Enterprise from Zaandam (The Netherlands) that develops software for FAO, MetaMeta, and others. Tim holds an MSc degree in Civil Engineering is and doing a Ph.D. at Delft University of Technology.

Ir. Harald Tijink

IT Developer

Harald is the owner of Tijink-IT BV, who supports various companies in the field of software development for agricultural applications (www.tijink.com). Harald facilitates the bridging process between management and the workplace. Because of the many years of experience in developing large databases for Marktplaats (converted into eBay), Harald knows how to create stable solutions. Harald holds an MSc degree from Twente University of Technology. 

Ing. Sam Bastiaanssen

GIS Expert & Operational Manager

Sam is the GIS specialist of the team. He takes care that all input information is transformed into standardized shapefiles. Sam will rule the help desk of IrriWatch. Besides assisting with the organization of new orders, he will explain how you can view the platform in an effective manner for various purposes. Sam has a Bachelor degree in International Land and Water management and starts a Masters degree in GIS and Remote Sensing.

Dr. Roula Bachour

Agronomist & irrigation specialist

Roula is an agricultural engineer from Lebanon with experience in remote sensing and GIS for agricultural water management. Dr. Bachour has several years of practical experience on working at large-scale commercial farms for field crops and forages in North Africa and the Middle East. She has extensive knowledge in crop water requirements, fertilization, soil mapping and soil physics. Roula holds a PhD degree in Irrigation Engineering from Utah State University.

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